Name: 
 

Semester 1 Study Guide: Regular Biology - Adlai E. Stevenson High School


True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
 

1. 
The mechanisms used by the body to detect and destroy pathogens can be specific or nonspecific.
 

2. 
Skin acts as one of the first of the immune system’s nonspecific defenses against pathogens.
 

3. 
B cells function by attacking and destroying body cells that have been infected by viruses.
 

4. 
The first exposure to a pathogen results in a much faster immune response than the second exposure to the same pathogen.
 

5. 
If a pathogen that has already been defeated is encountered again, memory cells produce antibodies against it.
 

6. 
Vaccination triggers an immune response against the pathogen without symptoms of infection.
 

7. 
Any person who is HIV-positive has the disease called AIDS.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

8. 
A disease-causing agent is called a(n)
a.
interferon.
c.
infection.
b.
pathogen.
d.
fungi.
 

9. 
The first line of defense against infection includes
a.
mucous membranes.
c.
killer T cells.
b.
neutrophils.
d.
antibodies.
 

10. 
White blood cells that ingest invading microbes and cellular debris resulting from microbial attacks are called
a.
macrophages.
c.
natural killer cells.
b.
neutrophils
d.
complement cells.
 

11. 
Which of the following engulfs foreign cells?
a.
helper T cell
c.
macrophage
b.
B cell
d.
antibody
 

12. 
B cells
a.
sometimes remain in the blood for years.
b.
secrete antibodies.
c.
are stimulated by helper T cells.
d.
All of the above
 

13. 
After the initial immune response subsides, B cells that continue to patrol body tissues
a.
are called helper T cells.
c.
become memory cells.
b.
develop into phagocytes.
d.
cannot react to the original antigen.
 

14. 
Secondary exposure to a pathogen
a.
results in very rapid production of antibodies.
b.
stimulates memory cells to divide quickly.
c.
may result in destruction of the pathogen before the person knows he or she is infected.
d.
All of the above
 
 
sem1biosg_files/i0170000.jpg
 

15. 
The most likely reason for Response II being greater than Response I in the graph above is
a.
more bacteria entered at point C than at point A.
b.
memory cells were produced in Response I.
c.
antibodies from Response I were still in the blood.
d.
macrophages increased their production of antibodies.
 

16. 
Autoimmune diseases occur when
a.
cells release antihistamine.
b.
a person is infected with HIV.
c.
the body manufactures “anti-self” antibodies.
d.
a person receives a blood transfusion of the wrong type.
 

17. 
Natural selection is the process by which
a.
the age of selected fossils is calculated.
b.
organisms with traits well suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than less well-adapted organisms in the same environment.
c.
acquired traits are passed on from one generation to the next.
d.
All of the above
 

18. 
The process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment is known as
a.
accommodation.
c.
adaptation.
b.
variation.
d.
selection.
 
 
The diagrams below represent bones in the limbs of fossil horses and modern horses.
sem1biosg_files/i0220000.jpg
 

19. 
Refer to the illustration above. The fossils indicate that horse evolution probably has taken place
a.
rapidly.
b.
in only one place on Earth.
c.
gradually.
d.
five times by the process of punctuated equilibrium.
 

20. 
Which of the following are examples of fossils?
a.
shells or old bones
b.
any traces of dead organisms
c.
footprints of human ancestors, insects trapped in tree sap, and animals buried in tar
d.
All of the above
 
 
sem1biosg_files/i0250000.jpg
 

21. 
Refer to the illustration above. The similarity of these structures suggests that the organisms
a.
have a common ancestor.
c.
evolved slowly.
b.
all grow at different rates.
d.
live for a long time.
 

22. 
Refer to the illustration above. The bones labeled A are known as
a.
vestigial structures.
c.
homologous structures.
b.
sequential structures.
d.
fossil structures.
 

23. 
Which of the following is a vestigial structure?
a.
the human tailbone
c.
flower color
b.
the bill of a finch
d.
fossil cast
 

24. 
Researchers found that in industrialized areas light colored peppered moths
a.
were preyed on more often than dark moths.
b.
were preyed on less often than dark moths.
c.
lived longer, healthier lives than dark moths.
d.
were difficult for predators to see.
 

25. 
Protista is an example of a(n)
a.
kingdom.
c.
genus.
b.
class.
d.
species.
 

26. 
Each level of classification is based on
a.
specific characteristics.
c.
shared characteristics.
b.
general characteristics.
d.
All of the above
 

27. 
A microscope with a 4´ objective lens and a 10´ ocular lens produces a total magnification of
a.
14´.
c.
400´.
b.
40´.
d.
4000´.
 
 
sem1biosg_files/i0330000.jpg
 

28. 
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is
a.
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
c.
a mitochondrion.
b.
a Golgi apparatus.
d.
the nucleus.
 

29. 
Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure 3
a.
to transport material from one part of the cell to another.
b.
to package proteins so they can be stored by the cell.
c.
as a receptor protein.
d.
to produce ATP.
 

30. 
The structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell is the
a.
nucleus.
c.
nuclear membrane.
b.
cell wall.
d.
cell membrane.
 

31. 
In a cell, proteins are made on the
a.
mitochondria.
c.
nucleus.
b.
ribosomes.
d.
cell membrane.
 

32. 
The organelles associated with plant photosynthesis are the
a.
mitochondria.
c.
Golgi apparatus.
b.
chloroplasts.
d.
vacuoles.
 

33. 
Diffusion is the movement of a substance
a.
only through a lipid bilayer membrane.
b.
from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.
c.
only in liquids.
d.
from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
 

34. 
Osmosis is a type of
a.
active transport.
c.
facilitated diffusion.
b.
passive transport.
d.
endocytosis.
 

35. 
A cell will swell when it is placed in a(n)
a.
hypotonic solution.
c.
isotonic solution.
b.
hypertonic solution.
d.
None of the above
 

36. 
Unlike passive transport, active transport
a.
requires energy.
b.
moves substances down their concentration gradient.
c.
does not involve carrier proteins.
d.
All of the above
 

37. 
An artery
a.
usually carries oxygen-rich blood.
b.
has thin, slightly elastic walls.
c.
has valves that prevent blood from flowing backward.
d.
All of the above
 

38. 
The iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called
a.
plasma.
c.
hemoglobin.
b.
ferric oxide.
d.
carbonic acid.
 

39. 
Red blood cells
a.
transport respiratory gases.
c.
destroy viruses.
b.
combat bacterial infection.
d.
transport cholesterol.
 

40. 
An abnormality involving the platelets would probably affect the process of
a.
breathing.
c.
fighting bacterial infections.
b.
locomotion.
d.
blood clotting.
 

41. 
Pulmonary circulation flows to and from the
a.
stomach.
c.
intestines.
b.
liver.
d.
lungs.
 

42. 
The heart chamber that receives blood from the venae cavae is the
a.
left atrium.
c.
left ventricle.
b.
right atrium.
d.
right ventricle.
 
 
sem1biosg_files/i0490000.jpg
 

43. 
Refer to the illustration above. The vessels indicated by C in the diagram carry deoxygenated blood. The vessels are
a.
the pulmonary arteries.
c.
parts of the aorta.
b.
the pulmonary veins.
d.
part of the atria.
 

44. 
Refer to the illustration above. The chamber in the diagram indicated by F is
a.
the right atrium.
c.
the right ventricle.
b.
the left atrium.
d.
the left ventricle.
 

45. 
Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, blood in chamber A
a.
is full of oxygen.
c.
is oxygen poor.
b.
is returning from the vena cavae.
d.
has very little plasma.
 
 
sem1biosg_files/i0530000.jpg
 

46. 
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled “X” is the
a.
epiglottis.
c.
trachea.
b.
pharynx.
d.
larynx.
 

47. 
Alveoli in the lungs are connected to the bronchi by a network of tiny tubes called
a.
arterioles.
c.
capillaries.
b.
venules.
d.
bronchioles.
 

48. 
The actual exchange of gases occurs at the site of the
a.
trachea.
c.
larynx.
b.
nasal passageway.
d.
alveoli.
 

49. 
Urine leaves the body through the
a.
ureter.
c.
bladder.
b.
urethra.
d.
intestine.
 
 
sem1biosg_files/i0580000.jpg
 

50. 
Refer to the illustration above. Diagram 2 probably shows the skeleton of a
a.
chimpanzee.
c.
bonobo.
b.
gorilla.
d.
hominid.
 

51. 
Refer to the illustration above. By examining the skeletons in the diagram, scientists would conclude that both primates
a.
could walk upright on two legs.
c.
had rather large brains.
b.
had opposable thumbs.
d.
All of the above
 

52. 
“Antennae” that extend from a neuron and that receive information from other cells are called
a.
axons.
c.
synapses.
b.
cell bodies.
d.
dendrites.
 

53. 
The central nervous system consists of
a.
the brain and spinal cord.
c.
the spinal cord only.
b.
spinal nerves only.
d.
the brain only.
 

54. 
Motor neurons transmit messages
a.
to the brain.
b.
to the spinal cord.
c.
from the spinal cord to the brain.
d.
from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland.
 
 
sem1biosg_files/i0640000.jpg
 

55. 
Refer to the illustration above. Structure “B” in the diagram is the
a.
spinal cord.
c.
cerebellum.
b.
brain stem.
d.
cerebrum.
 

56. 
Refer to the illustration above. The cerebrum is labeled
a.
A.
c.
C.
b.
B.
d.
D.
 

57. 
A reflex
a.
may involve two or three neurons.
c.
is not learned.
b.
is not under conscious control.
d.
All of the above
 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
 

58. 
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens all belong to the same ____________________.
 

 

59. 
A(n) ____________________ thumb can be bent toward the other fingers.
 

 

60. 
Nerves that control breathing, swallowing, heartbeat, and the diameter of the blood vessels are found in the ____________________ ____________________.
 

 



 
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